The Humphrey sale, June 1835

An 1821 caricature of Humphrey’s shop on St James’s street. The figures that can be seen through the door on the right are thought to be Theodore Lane and George Humphrey.

The history of James Gillray’s career as a caricaturist is closely intertwined with that of the Humphrey family, a group of siblings and latterly their children, who were to occupy the leading position in London’s satirical print trade for a period of roughly fifty years from the mid-1770s to the mid-1820s.

The association between Gillray and the Humphreys began with William Humphrey (1745 – 1810), who was to publish some of Gillray’s earliest satirical plates and effectively helped launch his career as a caricaturist. By 1790, William’s sister Hannah (1745 – 1818) had become Gillray’s principle patron and a close personal friend of the artist’s family. Gillray would eventually move into rooms above Hannah Humphrey’s shop and give her exclusive rights to publish and sell his prints. Following Hannah’s death in 1818 the business passed to her nephew George (1770 – 1831) who would remain at the helm until his own passing 13 years later. 

While George Humphrey was able to keep the business alfoat by reissuing his stock of old plates by famous names such as Gillray, Rowlandson and Bunbury, as well as commissioning new prints from artists such as George Cruikshank and William Heath, the business was slowly overtaken by a new generation of satirical publishers. When George’s widow Marianne died in 1835 the business was finally put into administration and its remaining assets were sold.

The contents of the Humphrey family’s printshop were sold at auction by E. Foster & Son of 54 Pall Mall. The sale ran for three days and included thousands of lots, ranging from mundane items such as furniture and household effects, to hundreds of engraved copperplates and original works by some of the most famous names in the late eighteenth-century satirical art. Most of these paintings and drawings were sold on the first day of the sale, 13th June 1835, and were mainly bought by members of the London print and art-dealing fraternity. The record of these items has now been entered into the Getty Research Institute’s Provenance Index and can be viewed online.

I have reproduced the GPI results for the Humphrey sale below. As you can see, the contents of the sale included hundreds if not thousands of original sketches and drawings by James Gillray as well as a few other items by noted names from the 1780s and 1790s. We know that some of these items were sold on to the British Museum or private collectors and have survived down to the present day, but many more appear to have been lost forever. The low hammer price achieved by many of the lots indicates the degree to which Gillray’s popularity had declined by start of the Victorian era. Many of original drawings and paintings were sold for less than the price would would have been expected to pay for a coloured copy of one of his prints in the 1790s and the items that did relatively well were those without an apparent link to caricature at all, such as the (now lost) views of Brighton and Margate.

Lot	Artist	Title / description	Price	Buyer
473	Gillray, James	Portraits, &c. on cards – 53	5s	Marchant
472	Gillray, James	Ditto [Various of old Caricatures] — 16	6s	Colnaghi
471	Gillray, James	Ditto [Various of old Caricatures] — 20	4s	McLean
470	Gillray, James	Various of old Caricatures — 21	5s	McLean
469	Gillray, James	Portraits of Public Characters — 18	7s	McLean
468	Gillray, James	Various — 14	4s	Solly
467	Gillray, James	Various Sketches — 17	3s	Solly
466	Gillray, James	Matthews’ Drama, &c. — 4	11s	Solly
465	Gillray, James	Musical Dandies — 10	8s	Palser
464	Gillray, James	Military Anecdotes, &c. — 7	4s	Money
463	Gillray, James	Le Palais Royal, &c. — 6	4s	Palser
462	Gillray, James	The French Artist, Laplanders, &c. — 8	8s	Colnaghi
460	Capt. Marriott	View of Hatchett’s, by Capt. Marriott, &c. — 7	9s	McLean
461	Gillray, James	Various Caricatures — 13	5s	Palser
459	Lane, Theodore	Contending for a Seat, and 14 others, all by Lane — 15	12s	McLean
458	Gillray, James	A Fry, a Broil, &c. the set — 8	8s	Palser
457	Gillray, James	Academy Figures, &c. — 22	2s	Marchant
456	Humphrey, [George?]	Caricatures, by Humphrey, &c. — 91	15s	Colnaghi
455	Various	Various by Old Masters	6s	Colnaghi
454	Bunbury, William Henry	Various by Dighton, Bunbury, &c. — 11	7s	Colnaghi
453	Rowlandson, Thomas	A Dash Down St. James’s Street, by Rowlandson, &c. — 11	6s	Evans
452	Gillray, James	The Ass in the Lion’s Skin, &c. — 2	3s	McLean
451	Gillray, James	Rake’s Progress at the University, &c. — 11	6s	McLean
450	Gillray, James	The Stein of Brighton, &c. — 16	£1 3s	Colnaghi
449	Gillray, James	Elements of Skaiting, &c. — 16	6s	Colnaghi
448	Gillray, James	Ditto [Humorous, on cards] — 15	6s	Money
447	Gillray, James	Humorous, on cards — 21	14s	Money
446	Gillray, James	Portraits of Public Characters – 41	£1 1s	Colnaghi
444	Gillray, James	Various sketches, Portraits, &c. — 42	9s	Colnaghi
443	Gillray, James	Ditto [Portraits, First sketches, on cards, of distinguished Characters, taken at public meetings by Mr. Gillray, to introduce into his prints] — 75	£1 2s	Colnaghi
442	Gillray, James	Portraits, First sketches, on cards, of distinguished Characters, taken at public meetings by Mr. Gillray, to introduce into his prints — 75	£1 18s	Solly
441	Gillray, James	A Peep into the Cave of Jacobinism, &c. — 6	8s	Palser
439	Gillray, James	Progress of the Toilet, &c. — 3	12s	Palser
438	Gillray, James	Every Rogue is a Coward, &c. — 5	6s	Money
437	Gillray, James	The King of Brobdingnag, &c. — 3	9s	McLean
434	Gillray, James	Ditto [Study in oil], Britannia, &c. — 2	10s	Palser
433	Gillray, James	Ditto [Study in oil], Jacobin Education — 1	8s	Palser
432	Gillray, James	Ditto [Study in oil] — 1	8s	Colnaghi
431	Gillray, James	Ditto [Study in oil] — 1	12s	Colnaghi
430	Gillray, James	Study in oil — 1	18s	Colnaghi
429	Gillray, James	A Cure for Drowsiness, &c. — 4	£1 1s	Colnaghi
427	Gillray, James	Pair, Liberty without Law, and Lawful Liberty — 2	15s	Colnaghi
425	Gillray, James	Farmer Giles, &c. — 3	19s	McLean
424	Gillray, James	Evening, or a Rapturous Idea, &c. — 2	10s	Colnaghi
423	Gillray, James	Various sketches — 4	15s	Palser
422	Gillray, James	Phaeton Alarmed, &c. — 3	12s	Colnaghi
421	Gillray, James	Garden of Old Time, &c. — 6	£1	Edwards
420	Gillray, James	Gaming, &c. — 4	£1 1s	Colnaghi
419	Gillray, James	Cobbett’s Procession, &c. — 2	16s	Colnaghi
418	Gillray, James	Journey to Margate, the set — 11	£2	Solly
417	Gillray, James	Alexander the Great at the Tomb of Prusssian, Achilles, &c. — 3	£1	Colnaghi
416	Gillray, James	Golgotha, or the Place of Sculls, &c. — 4	£1 1s	Colnaghi
415	Gillray, James	Somebody, Nobody, &c. — 5	17s	McLean
414	Gillray, James	Ditto [Various Portraits] — 12	£1 2s	McLean
413	Gillray, James	Various Portraits — 13	£1 5s	Colnaghi
412	Gillray, James	Exhibition of Pictures, &c. — 6	£1 8s	Colnaghi
411	Gillray, James	Various Sketches — 10	12s	Colnaghi
410	Gillray, James	The Attempt to Assassinate a Branch of the Blood Royal in the Palace, &c. — 5	9s	Colnaghi
409	Gillray, James	Shipping — 5	5s	Colnaghi
408	Gillray, James	Pair, Calm and Storm, &c. — 7	14s	Money
407	Gillray, James	Ditto [Various small Sketches] — 21	13s	Palser
406	Gillray, James	Various small Sketches — 21	16s	Colnaghi
405	Gillray, James	Retirement from Public Business, &c. — 8	16s	Palser
404	Gillray, James	Broadbottom, Dripping Pan, &c. — 6	11s	Colnaghi
403	Gillray, James	Phantasmagoria, &c. — 9	16s	Colnaghi
402	Gillray, James	Charon’s Boat, &c. — 4	13s	Colnaghi
400	Gillray, James	Ditto [Various Sketches] — 13	12s	Colnaghi
399	Gillray, James	Ditto [Various Sketches] — 12	10s	Colnaghi
398	Gillray, James	Various Sketches — 30	15s	Colnaghi

458. Engraved by Theodore Lane and published by Humphrey in January 1822. See BM 14451 & 14453.
459. A pen and watercolour caricature by Lt-Col. Thomas Braddyll (1776 – 1862) which has been mistakenly attributed to Gillray. Braddyll was an amateur artist who submitted designs for caricatures to Gillray.
460. Possibly Voltaire Instructing the Infant Jacobinism and undated oil on paper work in the New York Public Library. Illustrated in James Gillray the art of Caricature p. 107.
461. Engraved by George Cruikshank and published by Humphrey in January 1822. BM 14442.
462. The original is now in the British Museum collection but no images have been made available online. Illustrated in Donald p. 157.
463. Possibly BM 10755, an ink and chalk sketch for an apparently unpublished satire entitled Alexander and Frederick swearing over ye Tomb of Frederick ye Great to extirpate ye Corsican Butcher from ye earth. A.M. Broadley describes a different version of the same drawing which was part of his collection. It is not clear which picture the 1835 sales catalogue refers to.

 

“His head was smashed to atoms”, Theodore Lane, 1800-1828

LANE, on being introduced to George Cruikshank, the above celebrated artist appeared much pleased with the etchings and designs shown to him; and he also complimented THEODORE on his abilities. Robert Cruikshank was equally liberal with his remarks; and both of these highly talented men were ever afterwards his friends.

– Pierce Egan, Biographical Sketch of The Life of the late Mr Theodore Lane, 1831

Grand entrance to bamboozl’em, published by George Humphrey, February 1821.

Theodore Lane was one of the great ‘might-have-beens’ of early nineteenth-century English caricature. His first works as a caricaturist appeared amongst the frenzy of speculative publishing that erupted during the trial of Queen Caroline in 1820 and in the decade that followed he was to become one of the new generation of caricaturists that attempted to fill the void left by the passing of many of the individuals that had defined the genre’s ‘golden age’. Like many of his peers, he also harboured hopes of transcending the world of commercial publishing to become a serious artist and by the mid-1820s had begun working extensively in watercolours and experimenting with oils. By the spring of 1828 he had come tantalizingly close to realising this ambition, having had his work displayed in two well-received exhibitions at the Royal Academy, when his life was cut short by a tragic accident that occurred in May 1828. Had he lived, it is perfectly possible to imagine that his reputation as a comic artist and illustrator may well have grown to rival that of his great peers such the Cruikshank brothers, Robert Seymour and William Heath.

The only contemporary account of Lane’s life comes from the brief biographical sketch of the artist that the journalist Peirce Egan included as an addendum to The Show Folks! (1831). Although what follows is largely derived from this text, it should be noted Egan actually provides us with very little detail about Lane’s work as a caricaturist (which in itself is perhaps an indication of the extent of the genre’s decline by the early 1830s) and at times appears to be guilty of embellishing his account in order to suit his own literary ends. I have therefore also had to rely on what little information we can derive from Lane’s caricatures and the various obituaries that appeared in the British press following his death, to flesh out this account of his short career.   

Theodore Lane was born in Isleworth in the county of Middlesex in 1800. Although Isleworth was swallowed by the suburban expansion of London in the late nineteenth-century, in Lane’s day it was still an affluent market town that sat some ten miles to the west of the capital on the banks of the Thames. Lane’s father had been a successful drawing master but was dogged by a succession of health problems that would eventually render him incapable of working. With the family’s finances becoming ever more precarious, young Theodore was plucked from his schooling at the age of 14 and enrolled as an apprentice to Mr John Barrow of Battle Bridge (then a north London suburb in the area later covered by King’s Cross Station). Egan describes Barrow as a “colourer of expensive prints” but in fact his business was far more sophisticated than this an encompassed miniature painting, engraving and publishing. The few surviving examples of Barrow’s work that are known to exist (left) suggest that Theodore Lane was taught his craft by someone who was both a skilled artist and an accomplished craftsman.

It’s not clear exactly when Lane left Barrow’s to strike out on his own. The earliest prints to have been attributed him were published by George Humphrey in early December 1820 but Pierce Egan notes that the young artist had “scarcely finished his apprenticeship when the two men first met in 1822. Assuming Egan is correct, this means that Lane’s early works as caricaturist were either produced under Barrow’s direction (with the master being legally entitled to any pay Theodore would have received from Humphrey for his work), or that Lane was moonlighting for another publisher behind his master’s back. This latter theory may explain why his name does not seem to appear on any of the prints he produced prior to 1822 which have subsequently been attributed to him.

Lane found continual employment with Humphrey from the winter of 1820 through to the spring of 1822. It seems likely that he was drafted in to replace George Cruikshank, who had been Humphrey’s preferred artist for most of the preceding decade but whose talents were now being monopolised by his work with Egan on Life in London. With Cruikshank otherwise engaged, Humphrey set Lane to work engraving a range of conservative political prints that reflected the public’s on-going interest in the royal divorce scandal of the previous summer. Lane rose to the task splendidly, producing at least 30 or 40 plates within his first six months. His designs typically reflect the prejudices of Humphrey’s upper class clientele, with jibes about the nature of the Queen Caroline’s relationship with her Italian secretary Bartolomeo Pergami, and the low social status of her followers being amongst the most consistent themes to his humour. Prints such as Installation of a Knight Companion of the Bath (1821) and A Parting Hug at St Omer! (1821), Grand entrance to bamboozl’em (1821), The Mother Red-Cap Public House, in opposition to the King’s Head (1821) and Caroline Fair, or Mat Pudding and his Mountebank (1821) are all typical of the work Lane was turning out in this period and showcase both his comic inventiveness and his skill in rendering complex, detailed, designs on copper. The pace of production was such that Humphrey’s storeroom was also raided to provide inspiration for new prints and at least half a dozen of the plates Lane produced in this period were in fact skilled re-workings of earlier caricatures by James Gillray. These include; Delicious Dreams! (1821), Meditations at Brandyburgh; or and address to the Sun (1821), Dido in Despair (1821) and The Effusions of a Troubled Brain, or Evil communications corrupt good Manners (1821). The latter print, a rebooted version of Gillray’s Lieut Goverr Gall-Stone inspired by Alecto; – or The Birth of Minerva (1790), provides a particularly impressive example of Lane’s skill at wielding the engraver’s burrin.

The relationship with George Humphrey came to a halt sometime in the spring of 1822, possibly as a result of wider changes in the market for satirical prints that were taking place at this time and it was at this point that Lane first approached Pierce Egan with a set of sketches for what would eventually become The Life of an Actor. The author describes how;

He… gave his shoes an extra polish, brushed his coat well, paid more than ordinary attention to his hat – of course, a clean shirt and cravat – and thus… with his small portfolio under his arm, he went forwards to push his fortune in the world. Strange to say, instead of exploring the classic regions as a mart of his talents – instead of making his bow to Mr Murray, or offering his designs to the “all publishing” Mr Colburn… he knocked at the door of the… scribbler of Life in London… between the hours of eight and nine o’clock in the morning, in Spann’s Building’s St. Pancras. “Admit him!” was the cry… Lane… observed “I believe, I am speaking to Mr Egan?” “Most certainly, sir. Pray be seated: but I shall be candid with you, as time is on the wing with me: I am compelled to finish a few lines for the press… and as I must have tow pen’north of decency before I start for the mill, while I am togging [dressing] myself, I can listen to you… if you will have the kindness to get over the ground as quickly as you can, I shall feel very much obliged to you!” Lane, with considerable modesty presented to my view, six designs, observing at the same time – “Sir, if you will undertake to write a work to accompany these illustrations – it will be of great service to me, and I assure you, Mr Ackermann or Mr Sherwood, will purchase the manuscript.” “…To deal fairly with you Mr Lane, my upper works at this present moment are so overcharged with the fancy that I cannot lose the time to spare a single though upon the imagination and therefore, I am sorry to say, that I must decline your offer.”

– Pierce Egan, Biographical Sketch…, 1831

Despite this initial setback, Lane was eventually able to convince Egan to take on the project and in December 1824 he received a handsome stipend of £115, 15s. (equivalent to £24,000 today) from the publisher C.S. Arnold of Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, for the 27 engravings and 9 woodcuts he produced to illustrate the text. The Life of an Actor was published in January 1825 and marks a major transition in Lane’s style as an artist. The heavily burlesqued style of many of his early caricatures is largely gone and has been replaced by a more muted, illustrative, mode of drawing which is often strikingly similar to that of George and Robert Cruikshank. The book’s engraved frontispiece is arguably the most accomplished image Lane produced for the project and is also the only illustration to contain an overtly satirical element. It depicts that actor’s career as a theatrical Pilgrim’s Progress through the sloughs of poverty, debt and louche living, towards the final apotheosis of a royal command performance and successfully fuses elements of Blake, Martin and Gillray with classical baroque influences such as Jacob de Backer’s Last Judgement (1589).

The success of Life of an Actor revitalised Lane’s career and from 1825 onwards he was able to secure commissions to produce humorous prints for a range of West End publishers, including Thomas McLean, Knight & Lacey and George Hunt. His work in this period chiefly reflects his own personal interests and theatrical and sporting subjects are prominent amongst the surviving examples of Lane’s later prints. Many of the situations or individuals depicted in these designs were drawn from life, as Theodore’s newfound prosperity allowed him to pursue an active social life that included regular visits to the theatre, membership of a harmony singing troupe which performed at the Kean’s Head tavern in Drury Lane and the maintenance of a large circle of friends who typically congregated at the Wrekin Inn in Broad Court, Long Acre. Prints such as The celebrated dog Billy killing 100 rats at the Westminster Pit (1825) and Masquerade, Argyll Rooms (1826) stand as a testament to the artist’s love of the often dubious pleasures of London’s nightlife.

Law gorging on the spoils of fools & rogues & honest men among folly & knavery producing repentence & ruin. Or the fatal effects of legal rapacity, Aquatint, c.1827.

Success brought with it a degree of financial security and this offered Lane the opportunity to devote more time to his painting. He is said to have approached the Scottish artist Alexander George Fraser in 1825 to ask for lessons in oil painting and within a year was turning out new works in oils that were deemed worth of public exhibition. In 1827 he sent one oil, The Christmas Present, to the Royal Academy and displayed another, the sentimental An Hour Before the Duel, at the British Institution in Pall Mall. Spurred on by the positive response these early works received, he put forward three major works for exhibition the following year; Disturbed by the Nightmare, Reading the Fifth Act of the Manuscript  and The Enthusiast (right), which was described by one observer writing for the newspaper John Bull as being “a perfect gem amongst the trash and rubbish of the Suffolk Street Gallery”. Had Lane lived then it seems likely that he was destined to continue moving away from the world of print to pursue his artistic ambitions.

On the morning of 28th June 1828, Theodore Lane left his his home at 28 Judd Street in Bloomsbury and prepared to join his wife, two young children and members of their extended family for a day in the countryside around Hampstead. Lane’s brother-in-law, the surgeon Henry Wakefield, had called in his gig to collect Theodore and the plan was for the two men to then drive on to Hampstead together. However, Wakefield wanted to take a small detour before they left town and call in to see a patient of his who lived in a house close to the Lane’s on nearby Manchester Street. On arriving at the house, Theodore announced that he would wait for his brother in the Royal London Bazaar, an impressive two-storey, neo-classical, building located a couple of minutes walk away. It seems that after they parted, Lane entered the Bazaar and climbed up to the first floor gallery which overlooked the large enclosed courtyard which was normally used to stage auctions of equestrian stock. He took out his pencil and a notebook and began to sketch the building but then, somehow, tripped and fell thirteen feet over the edge of the first floor balcony, landing head-first on the stone flagging below. He died instantly. Hitting the floor with such force that “the back part of his head was smashed to atoms, and his brains flew about in all directions”. The extent of his injuries were such that Wakefield, who arrived at the Bazaar moments after the incident occurred, did not recognise his brother-in-law until a business card was produced from the pocket of the corpse.

The Times carried an account of the incident a few days later and appealed to its readers to remember Lane’s family:

Our readers cannot have forgotten the dreadful calamity which occurred a few days ago to a young artist of great promise, of the name of LANE, who fell through a skylight and was killed on the spot. He has left a widow and two small children in very poor circumstances. The genuine merit of the artist, and the destitute condition of his bereaved family, have excited more than common interest; and an English feeling is not accustomed to evaporate in mere language. A plan for a subscription has been suggested by some benevolent gentlemen who have no knowledge of the unfortunate deceased, except through his professional works.

While many of Theodore Lane’s contemporaries clearly felt that his paintings would be his most enduring legacy to the art world, it is in fact through his works as a caricaturist that he is chiefly remembered today. The plates Lane produced during his time with George Humphrey are among some of the finest copperplate engravings published during the Queen Caroline affair and constitute an impressive final-flourish for a genre that was on the cusp of being irrevocably altered by market forces and the introduction of new technology.